Special-use vaccines

Other vaccines approved by FDA for use in specific clinical conditions (increased risk of disease, location in specific geographical areas, immune system deficiencies, tourism, among others) include inactivated preparations against Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Bordetella pertussis (whooping cough), Borrelia Burgdorfer (Lyme disease), Neisseria meningitidis (meningitis), Streptococcus pneumoniae (meningitis), Vibrio cholerae (cholera), Yersinia pestis (plague) and against Japanese encephalitis virus and rabies; toxoids against Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diptheriae, live attenuated vaccines against M. Tuberculosis (TB), adenovirus (respiratory diseases) and yellow fever virus and inactivated live vaccine against Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever) .

The vaccines of the future

Immunization by application of DNA vaccines is a new technique that efficiently stimulate the humoral and cellular immune response against protein antigen. The DNA responsible for encoding infectious antigens can be incorporated into plasmids or vectors (attenuated bacteria or viruses) which, when introduced into the body triggers a response mediated by T helper and subsequent lymphocyte as B.1, 2

The use of peptides (antigen-specific fractions) as vaccines against certain diseases has been gaining strength in recent years. The advantages of such vaccines include greater chemical stability, greater specificity of the immune response and therefore safer for the patient, but there are still some technical difficulties must be overcome before achieving a more widespread .1, 2

The product newborn infants of HBsAg-positive mothers should receive the first dose of Hep B and 0.5 ml of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) in the first twelve hours of life in two separate areas, in this case we recommend the implementation of second dose between the first and second month of life, and the last dose before twenty-four weeks. This group of patients should be monitored with specific antibodies to HBsAg and HBsAg between nine and fifteen months.

In newborns of mothers who do not know the outcome of HBsAg should apply the first dose of a series of Hep B and try to establish, as soon as possible, the state of HBsAg to supplement that immunization with one dose of HBIG in cases arising positivos.

The application schema includes five doses of DTaP, the first to second month of life and the next two with an interval of two months, a quarter between twelve and eighteen months and an additional boost from four to six years. From this age recommended routine immunization with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids every five years.

The three initial doses of conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) can be managed with the same frequency as that of DTaP (two, four and six months), where it is used PRP – OMP ( Pedvax R HIB or Comvax R) you can omit the implementation of the third dose. The final dose of Hib should be applied between twelve and fifteen months of age. There are some combinations of Hib and DTaP, however, its use is limited to the amplification of the immune response in periods beyond the recommended schedule compliance and should not be used for immunization primaria.

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), which replaced the oral polio vaccine (OPV) in the United States to eliminate the risk associated paralytic polio immunization can be administered concomitantly with the previous two in a series of four doses: the first two months of age, the second two months later, the third at six and eighteen months old and a further reinforcement between four and six years of life.

Specific prophylaxis against measles, rubella and mumps is performed by applying two doses of MMR, the first may be applied between twelve and fifteen months and again between four and six years of life. In children who have not received the second dose in the period under the scheme can be completed in any routine medical consultations after this year.

Immunization against varicella is recommended between twelve and eighteen months old. For children thirteen years or more at risk from disease should apply two doses separated by an interval of at least four weeks. The heptavalent conjugate vaccine against pneumococcal (PCV) is indicated in children between two and twenty-three months. The final dose in the serial implementation of immunization must be placed before the birthday. In certain groups considered high risk, we recommend the additional administration of the vaccine against pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPV) .

Prophylaxis against hepatitis A is recommended for children and teens are considered high risk and placed in certain geographic areas of North America and countries in the process of development. The first dose of the vaccine can be administered at any age after two years and the second in a time period longer than six months.

Finally, given the current high prevalence of respiratory diseases in the pediatric population, the application is recommended annual dose of influenza vaccine in healthy children between zero and two years of life (given the frequency of occurrence related hospitalizations Pollution influenza) and more than six months at high risk of infection (asthma, heart disease, sickle cell anemia, diabetes and immune system deficiencies). In people considered healthy, between five and forty-nine years old, you can choose to use intranasal attenuated live vaccine against the trivalent atenuada.